Types of Steel Space Frames & Their Key Differences


Types of Steel Space Frames & Their Key Differences

Steel space frames are categorized into 6 main types based on their geometric configuration, structural behavior, and construction methods. Here's a detailed technical comparison:


1. Classification by Geometric Configuration

Type

Structure

Span Capacity

Key Feature

Best For






Flat Double-Layer Grid

Two parallel flat layers connected by web members

30-150m

Uniform load distribution

Industrial roofs, hangars

Curved Barrel Vault

Single-curvature arched surface

50-200m

Natural drainage

Stadiums, atriums

Spherical Dome

Double-curvature hemispherical structure

60-300m

Omnidirectional stability

Planetariums, exhibition centers

Hybrid Space Frame

Combination of flat/curved sections

100-500m

Custom complex shapes

Airport terminals, landmark buildings

Free-Form Space Frame

Non-geometric organic shapes

Varies

Architectural expression

Artistic structures, pavilions

Tensegrity

Compression members + tension cables

50-250m

Ultra-lightweight

Temporary structures, bridges


2. Classification by Node Connection System

Connection TypeJoining MethodAdvantagesLimitations

Mero System

Spherical nodes with threaded connectors

Quick assembly

Limited to standard angles

Nodus System

Cubical nodes with bolted connections

High rigidity

Higher material cost

Triodetic

Aluminum nodes with press-fit connections

Corrosion-resistant

Lower load capacity

Welded Nodes

On-site full-penetration welding

Maximum strength

Requires skilled labor

Space Deck

Prefabricated pyramidal units

Modular construction

Less design flexibility


3. Classification by Member Arrangement

PatternGeometryEfficiencyTypical Use

Square Pyramid

4:1 member ratio

Good for flat grids

Warehouse roofs

Octahedron

6:1 member ratio

High torsional stiffness

Long-span canopies

Tetrahedron

3:1 member ratio

Lightest configuration

Temporary structures

Diagonal Grid

X-pattern webs

Best for curved surfaces

Stadium roofs


4. Technical Comparison of Major Types

ParameterFlat Grid
Spherical Dome

Max Span

150m

200m

300m

Steel Weight

50-80kg/m²

60-90kg/m²

40-70kg/m²

Erection Time

Fastest

Moderate

Slowest

Wind Resistance

Medium

High

Highest

Cost/m²

$200-400

$300-500

$400-700


5. Selection Criteria

  1. Span Requirements

    • <100m: Flat double-layer grid

    • 100-200m: Barrel vault

    • 200m: Spherical dome

  2. Load Conditions

    • Heavy uniform loads: Square pyramid grid

    • Dynamic wind loads: Curved configurations

    • Point loads: Octahedral pattern

  3. Aesthetic Needs

    • Modern minimalism: Flat grid

    • Organic forms: Free-form tensegrity

    • Iconic architecture: Hybrid systems

  4. Budget Constraints

    • Most economical: Standard flat grid

    • Mid-range: Barrel vaults

    • Premium: Custom free-form designs


6. Notable Project Examples

  • Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest"): Hybrid space frame

  • Eden Project Biomes: Hexagonal geodesic dome

  • Denver Airport Roof: Tensioned membrane + space frame

  • Louvre Abu Dhabi: Complex free-form space frame


Key Engineering Considerations

  • Deflection Control: Spherical domes outperform flat grids by 30-40%

  • Connection Design: Mero nodes allow ±15° adjustability

  • Thermal Movement: Requires 10-15mm expansion joints per 30m span

  • Corrosion Protection: Hot-dip galvanizing recommended for coastal areas


Product Parameters


Types of Steel Space Frames & Their Key Differences

Steel space frames are categorized into 6 main types based on their geometric configuration, structural behavior, and construction methods. Here's a detailed technical comparison:


1. Classification by Geometric Configuration

Type

Structure

Span Capacity

Key Feature

Best For






Flat Double-Layer Grid

Two parallel flat layers connected by web members

30-150m

Uniform load distribution

Industrial roofs, hangars

Curved Barrel Vault

Single-curvature arched surface

50-200m

Natural drainage

Stadiums, atriums

Spherical Dome

Double-curvature hemispherical structure

60-300m

Omnidirectional stability

Planetariums, exhibition centers

Hybrid Space Frame

Combination of flat/curved sections

100-500m

Custom complex shapes

Airport terminals, landmark buildings

Free-Form Space Frame

Non-geometric organic shapes

Varies

Architectural expression

Artistic structures, pavilions

Tensegrity

Compression members + tension cables

50-250m

Ultra-lightweight

Temporary structures, bridges


2. Classification by Node Connection System

Connection TypeJoining MethodAdvantagesLimitations

Mero System

Spherical nodes with threaded connectors

Quick assembly

Limited to standard angles

Nodus System

Cubical nodes with bolted connections

High rigidity

Higher material cost

Triodetic

Aluminum nodes with press-fit connections

Corrosion-resistant

Lower load capacity

Welded Nodes

On-site full-penetration welding

Maximum strength

Requires skilled labor

Space Deck

Prefabricated pyramidal units

Modular construction

Less design flexibility


3. Classification by Member Arrangement

PatternGeometryEfficiencyTypical Use

Square Pyramid

4:1 member ratio

Good for flat grids

Warehouse roofs

Octahedron

6:1 member ratio

High torsional stiffness

Long-span canopies

Tetrahedron

3:1 member ratio

Lightest configuration

Temporary structures

Diagonal Grid

X-pattern webs

Best for curved surfaces

Stadium roofs


4. Technical Comparison of Major Types

ParameterFlat Grid
Spherical Dome

Max Span

150m

200m

300m

Steel Weight

50-80kg/m²

60-90kg/m²

40-70kg/m²

Erection Time

Fastest

Moderate

Slowest

Wind Resistance

Medium

High

Highest

Cost/m²

$200-400

$300-500

$400-700


5. Selection Criteria

  1. Span Requirements

    • <100m: Flat double-layer grid

    • 100-200m: Barrel vault

    • 200m: Spherical dome

  2. Load Conditions

    • Heavy uniform loads: Square pyramid grid

    • Dynamic wind loads: Curved configurations

    • Point loads: Octahedral pattern

  3. Aesthetic Needs

    • Modern minimalism: Flat grid

    • Organic forms: Free-form tensegrity

    • Iconic architecture: Hybrid systems

  4. Budget Constraints

    • Most economical: Standard flat grid

    • Mid-range: Barrel vaults

    • Premium: Custom free-form designs


6. Notable Project Examples

  • Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest"): Hybrid space frame

  • Eden Project Biomes: Hexagonal geodesic dome

  • Denver Airport Roof: Tensioned membrane + space frame

  • Louvre Abu Dhabi: Complex free-form space frame


Key Engineering Considerations

  • Deflection Control: Spherical domes outperform flat grids by 30-40%

  • Connection Design: Mero nodes allow ±15° adjustability

  • Thermal Movement: Requires 10-15mm expansion joints per 30m span

  • Corrosion Protection: Hot-dip galvanizing recommended for coastal areas


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